3. 变量与基础数据类型

# without_variables.py
print("Rectangle area:", 15 * 8)

# with_variables.py
length = 15
width = 8
area = length * width
print("Rectangle area:", area)  # Output: Rectangle area: 120

variable_name = value

# creating_variables.py
age = 25
temperature = 72.5
name = "Alice"
is_student = True
 
print(age)          # Output: 25
print(temperature)  # Output: 72.5
print(name)         # Output: Alice
print(is_student)   # Output: True

# multiple_assignment.py
x, y, z = 10, 20, 30
print(x)  # Output: 10
print(y)  # Output: 20
print(z)  # Output: 30
 
# You can even assign the same value to multiple variables
a = b = c = 100
print(a, b, c)  # Output: 100 100 100

# valid_names.py
# Valid variable names
user_age = 30
firstName = "John"
total_2024 = 1000
_private = "hidden"
x = 5
MAX_SIZE = 100
 
# Invalid variable names (these will cause errors)
# 2nd_place = "silver"      # Error: starts with digit
# user-name = "alice"       # Error: contains hyphen
# total amount = 500        # Error: contains space
# class = "Python 101"      # Error: 'class' is a keyword

# good_naming.py
# Constants at the top
SALES_TAX_RATE = 0.08
DISCOUNT_THRESHOLD = 100
 
# Descriptive variable names
item_price = 75.00
quantity = 3
subtotal = item_price * quantity
 
# Clear boolean variable
qualifies_for_discount = subtotal >= DISCOUNT_THRESHOLD
 
if qualifies_for_discount:
    discount = subtotal * 0.10
    subtotal = subtotal - discount
    print("Discount applied: $", discount)
 
tax = subtotal * SALES_TAX_RATE
total = subtotal + tax
 
print("Subtotal: $", subtotal)
print("Tax: $", tax)
print("Total: $", total)
# Output:
# Subtotal: $ 202.5
# Tax: $ 16.2
# Total: $ 218.7

# using_variables.py
# Create some variables
hours_worked = 40
hourly_rate = 25.50
 
# Use variables in calculations
gross_pay = hours_worked * hourly_rate
print("Gross pay:", gross_pay)  # Output: Gross pay: 1020.0
 
# Use variables in other expressions
bonus = gross_pay * 0.10
total_pay = gross_pay + bonus
print("Total with bonus:", total_pay)  # Output: Total with bonus: 1122.0
 
# Use variables in strings (we'll learn more about this in Chapter 5)
message = "You worked " + str(hours_worked) + " hours"
print(message)  # Output: You worked 40 hours

# variables_with_functions.py
name = input("What is your name? ")
age = input("What is your age? ")
 
greeting = "Hello, " + name + "!"
print(greeting)
 
age_next_year = int(age) + 1
print("Next year you will be", age_next_year, "years old.")
# If user enters "Alice" and "25":
# Output: Hello, Alice!
# Output: Next year you will be 26 years old.

# assignment_basics.py
x = 10
print(x)  # Output: 10
 
# Reassign x to a new value
x = 20
print(x)  # Output: 20
 
# The old value (10) is gone; x now refers to 20

# updating_variables.py
score = 0
print("Initial score:", score)  # Output: Initial score: 0
 
# Add 10 points
score = score + 10
print("After first update:", score)  # Output: After first update: 10
 
# Add 5 more points
score = score + 5
print("After second update:", score)  # Output: After second update: 15
 
# Double the score
score = score * 2
print("After doubling:", score)  # Output: After doubling: 30

# independent_variables.py
a = 10
b = a  # b now refers to the same value as a (10)
print("a:", a)  # Output: a: 10
print("b:", b)  # Output: b: 10
 
# Change a
a = 20
print("After changing a:")
print("a:", a)  # Output: a: 20
print("b:", b)  # Output: b: 10 (unchanged!)

# undefined_variable.py
print(total)  # Error: NameError: name 'total' is not defined

# defined_variable.py
total = 0  # Initialize the variable first
print(total)  # Output: 0
 
# Now we can update it
total = total + 10
print(total)  # Output: 10

# swap_with_temp.py
x = 10
y = 20
print("Before swap: x =", x, ", y =", y)  # Output: Before swap: x = 10 , y = 20
 
# Swap using a temporary variable
temp = x    # Save x's value
x = y       # Put y's value in x
y = temp    # Put saved value in y
 
print("After swap: x =", x, ", y =", y)  # Output: After swap: x = 20 , y = 10

# swap_pythonic.py
x = 10
y = 20
print("Before swap: x =", x, ", y =", y)  # Output: Before swap: x = 10 , y = 20
 
# Swap in one line
x, y = y, x
 
print("After swap: x =", x, ", y =", y)  # Output: After swap: x = 20 , y = 10

# type_operations.py
# You can add numbers
result1 = 10 + 5
print(result1)  # Output: 15
 
# You can also "add" strings (concatenation)
result2 = "Hello" + " " + "World"
print(result2)  # Output: Hello World
 
# But you can't add a number and a string directly
# result3 = 10 + "5"  # Error: TypeError: unsupported operand type(s)

# checking_types.py
# Check types of literal values
print(type(42))        # Output: <class 'int'>
print(type(3.14))      # Output: <class 'float'>
print(type("Hello"))   # Output: <class 'str'>
print(type(True))      # Output: <class 'bool'>
 
# Check types of variables
age = 25
name = "Alice"
temperature = 98.6
is_valid = False
 
print(type(age))         # Output: <class 'int'>
print(type(name))        # Output: <class 'str'>
print(type(temperature)) # Output: <class 'float'>
print(type(is_valid))    # Output: <class 'bool'>

# dynamic_typing.py
x = 42
print(x, "is of type", type(x))  # Output: 42 is of type <class 'int'>
 
x = "Hello"
print(x, "is of type", type(x))  # Output: Hello is of type <class 'str'>
 
x = 3.14
print(x, "is of type", type(x))  # Output: 3.14 is of type <class 'float'>

# type_confusion.py
value = "100"  # This is a string, not a number!
 
# Trying to do math with it will fail
# result = value + 50  # Error: TypeError: can only concatenate str to str
 
# You need to convert it first
result = int(value) + 50
print(result)  # Output: 150

# input_types.py
user_input = input("Enter a number: ")
print("You entered:", user_input)
print("Type:", type(user_input))  # Output: Type: <class 'str'>
 
# Even if user types "42", it's still a string!
# To use it as a number, convert it:
number = int(user_input)
print("As a number:", number)
print("Type:", type(number))  # Output: Type: <class 'int'>
 
# Now we can do math with it
doubled = number * 2
print("Doubled:", doubled)

Enter a number: 42
You entered: 42
Type: <class 'str'>
As a number: 42
Type: <class 'int'>
Doubled: 84

# integers.py
# Positive integers
age = 25
year = 2024
population = 8000000000
 
# Negative integers
temperature = -15
debt = -5000
 
# Zero
balance = 0
 
# Very large integers (Python handles these easily)
huge_number = 123456789012345678901234567890
print(huge_number)  # Output: 123456789012345678901234567890
print(type(huge_number))  # Output: <class 'int'>

# readable_numbers.py
# These are all the same number
million = 1000000
million = 1_000_000  # Much easier to read!
 
# Works with any size
population = 8_000_000_000
national_debt = 31_000_000_000_000
 
print(million)      # Output: 1000000 (underscores not shown in output)
print(population)   # Output: 8000000000

# number_bases.py
# Binary (base 2) - prefix 0b
binary = 0b1010  # This is 10 in decimal
print(binary)  # Output: 10
 
# Octal (base 8) - prefix 0o
octal = 0o12  # This is 10 in decimal
print(octal)  # Output: 10
 
# Hexadecimal (base 16) - prefix 0x
hexadecimal = 0xFF  # This is 255 in decimal
print(hexadecimal)  # Output: 255

# floats.py
# Numbers with decimal points
price = 19.99
temperature = 98.6
pi = 3.14159
 
# Very small numbers
electron_mass = 0.00000000000000000000000000000091093837
 
# Very large numbers
speed_of_light = 299792458.0
 
print(price)           # Output: 19.99
print(temperature)     # Output: 98.6
print(electron_mass)   # Output: 9.1093837e-31 (scientific notation)
print(speed_of_light)  # Output: 299792458.0

# scientific_notation.py
# These are equivalent
avogadro = 602214076000000000000000.0
avogadro = 6.02214076e23  # Much more readable!
 
# Small numbers
planck = 0.000000000000000000000000000000000662607015
planck = 6.62607015e-34  # Much more readable!
 
print(avogadro)  # Output: 6.02214076e+23
print(planck)    # Output: 6.62607015e-34

# float_precision.py
# This might surprise you!
result = 0.1 + 0.2
print(result)  # Output: 0.30000000000000004
 
# The result isn't exactly 0.3 due to floating-point representation
print(result == 0.3)  # Output: False

# int_float_operations.py
# Integer operations
int_result = 10 + 5
print(int_result, type(int_result))  # Output: 15 <class 'int'>
 
# Float operations
float_result = 10.0 + 5.0
print(float_result, type(float_result))  # Output: 15.0 <class 'float'>
 
# Mixed operations: result is always float
mixed_result = 10 + 5.0
print(mixed_result, type(mixed_result))  # Output: 15.0 <class 'float'>
 
# Division always returns float, even with integers
division_result = 10 / 5
print(division_result, type(division_result))  # Output: 2.0 <class 'float'>

# use_integers.py
student_count = 30  # Can't have 30.5 students
page_number = 42    # Can't be on page 42.7
loop_counter = 0    # Counting iterations

# use_floats.py
temperature = 72.5     # Temperature can be fractional
price = 19.99          # Money amounts have cents
average_score = 87.3   # Averages are often fractional
percentage = 0.15      # 15% as a decimal

# string_basics.py
# Single quotes
name = 'Alice'
message = 'Hello, World!'
 
# Double quotes (exactly equivalent)
name = "Alice"
message = "Hello, World!"
 
# Print them
print(name)     # Output: Alice
print(message)  # Output: Hello, World!
print(type(name))  # Output: <class 'str'>

# quotes_in_strings.py
# Use double quotes when string contains single quotes
sentence = "It's a beautiful day!"
print(sentence)  # Output: It's a beautiful day!
 
# Use single quotes when string contains double quotes
speech = 'She said, "Hello!"'
print(speech)  # Output: She said, "Hello!"
 
# Or use escape sequences (we'll learn more in Chapter 5)
sentence = 'It\'s a beautiful day!'  # \' means a literal single quote
speech = "She said, \"Hello!\""     # \" means a literal double quote

# empty_string.py
empty = ""
also_empty = ''
 
print(empty)            # Output: (nothing—it's empty!)
print(len(empty))       # Output: 0 (we'll learn about len() later)
print(type(empty))      # Output: <class 'str'>

# string_concatenation.py
first_name = "John"
last_name = "Doe"
full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
print(full_name)  # Output: John Doe
 
# Be careful: you can't concatenate strings and numbers directly
age = 25
# message = "I am " + age + " years old"  # Error: TypeError
 
# Convert the number to a string first
message = "I am " + str(age) + " years old"
print(message)  # Output: I am 25 years old

# boolean_basics.py
# Boolean literals
is_sunny = True
is_raining = False
 
print(is_sunny)         # Output: True
print(is_raining)       # Output: False
print(type(is_sunny))   # Output: <class 'bool'>

# boolean_case.py
correct = True    # Correct
# wrong = true    # Error: NameError: name 'true' is not defined
# wrong = TRUE    # Error: NameError: name 'TRUE' is not defined

# boolean_from_comparisons.py
age = 25
 
# Comparison operators produce boolean results
is_adult = age >= 18
print(is_adult)  # Output: True
 
is_senior = age >= 65
print(is_senior)  # Output: False
 
# You can use booleans in conditions (we'll learn more in Chapter 8)
if is_adult:
    print("You can vote!")  # Output: You can vote!
 
if is_senior:
    print("You get a senior discount!")  # (no output—condition is False)

# comparison_operators.py
x = 10
y = 20
 
print(x == y)   # Output: False (10 is not equal to 20)
print(x != y)   # Output: True (10 is not equal to 20)
print(x < y)    # Output: True (10 is less than 20)
print(x > y)    # Output: False (10 is not greater than 20)
print(x <= 10)  # Output: True (10 is less than or equal to 10)
print(y >= 20)  # Output: True (20 is greater than or equal to 20)

# assignment_vs_comparison.py
x = 10        # Assignment: x now refers to 10
result = (x == 10)  # Comparison: is x equal to 10?
print(result)  # Output: True
 
# This is a common mistake for beginners:
# if x = 10:  # Error: SyntaxError (can't use assignment in if condition)
if x == 10:   # Correct: comparison
    print("x is 10")  # Output: x is 10

# strings_booleans_example.py
# Get user input
name = input("What is your name? ")
age_input = input("What is your age? ")
 
# Convert age to integer
age = int(age_input)
 
# Create boolean conditions
is_adult = age >= 18
is_child = age < 13
 
# Build messages using strings
if is_adult:
    status = "adult"
else:
    status = "minor"
 
# Combine everything in output
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
print("You are an " + status + ".")
 
if is_child:
    print("You are a child.")
 
# When user enters "Alice" and "16":
# Output: Hello, Alice!
# Output: You are a minor.

# none_basics.py
result = None
print(result)        # Output: None
print(type(result))  # Output: <class 'NoneType'>

# none_vs_others.py
x = None
y = 0
z = ""
w = False
 
print(x)  # Output: None
print(y)  # Output: 0
print(z)  # Output: (empty—nothing prints)
print(w)  # Output: False
 
# They're all different types
print(type(x))  # Output: <class 'NoneType'>
print(type(y))  # Output: <class 'int'>
print(type(z))  # Output: <class 'str'>
print(type(w))  # Output: <class 'bool'>

# none_placeholder.py
# Initialize variables that will be assigned later
user_name = None
user_age = None
 
# Later in the program, after getting user input:
user_name = input("Enter your name: ")
user_age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
 
print("Name:", user_name)
print("Age:", user_age)

# none_from_function.py
# The print() function returns None
result = print("Hello!")  # Output: Hello!
print(result)             # Output: None
print(type(result))       # Output: <class 'NoneType'>

# none_optional.py
# Representing optional middle name
first_name = "John"
middle_name = None  # No middle name
last_name = "Doe"
 
if middle_name is None:
    full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
else:
    full_name = first_name + " " + middle_name + " " + last_name
 
print(full_name)  # Output: John Doe

# checking_none.py
value = None
 
# Correct way: use 'is'
if value is None:
    print("Value is None")  # Output: Value is None
 
# Also correct: use 'is not'
if value is not None:
    print("Value has a value")
else:
    print("Value is None")  # Output: Value is None
 
# While == works, 'is' is preferred for None
if value == None:  # This works but is not idiomatic Python
    print("Value is None")  # Output: Value is None

# none_practical.py
# Simulate looking up a user's age
# (In real programs, we'd use functions and dictionaries from later chapters)
 
user_name = input("Enter a name (Alice, Bob, or Charlie): ")
 
# Check each name and assign age or None
if user_name == "Alice":
    user_age = 25
elif user_name == "Bob":
    user_age = 30
elif user_name == "Charlie":
    user_age = 35
else:
    user_age = None  # User not found
 
# Check if we found the user
if user_age is not None:
    print(user_name, "is", user_age, "years old")
else:
    print(user_name, "not found")
 
# When user enters "Alice":
# Output: Alice is 25 years old
# When user enters "David":
# Output: David not found

# none_vs_empty.py
# These are all different
nothing = None
zero = 0
empty_string = ""
# Note: We'll learn about lists in Chapter 13
# empty_list = []
 
print(nothing is None)       # Output: True
print(zero is None)          # Output: False
print(empty_string is None)  # Output: False
 
# None means "no value"
# 0 means "the number zero"
# "" means "text with no characters"

# float_to_int.py
# int() truncates (cuts off) the decimal part
x = int(3.14)
y = int(3.99)
z = int(-2.7)
 
print(x)  # Output: 3 (not 4—it doesn't round!)
print(y)  # Output: 3 (not 4—it truncates!)
print(z)  # Output: -2 (truncates toward zero)

# string_to_int.py
# Convert string containing a number
age_str = "25"
age_int = int(age_str)
 
print(age_str, type(age_str))  # Output: 25 <class 'str'>
print(age_int, type(age_int))  # Output: 25 <class 'int'>
 
# Now we can do math with it
next_year = age_int + 1
print("Next year:", next_year)  # Output: Next year: 26
 
# Practical example with input()
user_age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
print("In 10 years, you'll be", user_age + 10)

# invalid_int_conversion.py
# These work
print(int("123"))    # Output: 123
print(int("-456"))   # Output: -456
print(int("  789 ")) # Output: 789 (whitespace is ignored)
 
# These don't work
# print(int("12.5"))   # Error: ValueError: invalid literal for int()
# print(int("hello"))  # Error: ValueError: invalid literal for int()
# print(int("12 34"))  # Error: ValueError: invalid literal for int()

# bool_to_int.py
print(int(True))   # Output: 1
print(int(False))  # Output: 0
 
# This is sometimes useful in calculations
is_premium = True
is_student = False
 
# Calculate discount (10% for premium, 5% for students)
discount = int(is_premium) * 0.10 + int(is_student) * 0.05
print("Discount:", discount)  # Output: Discount: 0.1

# int_to_float.py
x = float(42)
y = float(-17)
z = float(0)
 
print(x, type(x))  # Output: 42.0 <class 'float'>
print(y, type(y))  # Output: -17.0 <class 'float'>
print(z, type(z))  # Output: 0.0 <class 'float'>

# string_to_float.py
# Convert string containing decimal number
price_str = "19.99"
price_float = float(price_str)
 
print(price_str, type(price_str))    # Output: 19.99 <class 'str'>
print(price_float, type(price_float))  # Output: 19.99 <class 'float'>
 
# Strings without decimal points work too
x = float("42")
print(x, type(x))  # Output: 42.0 <class 'float'>
 
# Scientific notation strings work
big = float("1.5e10")
print(big)  # Output: 15000000000.0

# invalid_float_conversion.py
# These work
print(float("3.14"))      # Output: 3.14
print(float("  2.5  "))   # Output: 2.5 (whitespace ignored)
print(float("-0.5"))      # Output: -0.5
print(float("inf"))       # Output: inf (infinity)
 
# These don't work
# print(float("hello"))   # Error: ValueError
# print(float("1.2.3"))   # Error: ValueError

# bool_to_float.py
print(float(True))   # Output: 1.0
print(float(False))  # Output: 0.0

# number_to_string.py
# Convert integer
age = 25
age_str = str(age)
print(age_str, type(age_str))  # Output: 25 <class 'str'>
 
# Convert float
price = 19.99
price_str = str(price)
print(price_str, type(price_str))  # Output: 19.99 <class 'str'>
 
# Now we can concatenate with other strings
message = "The price is $" + price_str
print(message)  # Output: The price is $19.99

# building_messages.py
name = "Alice"
age = 25
height = 5.6
 
# Without str(), this would cause an error
# message = "Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age  # Error!
 
# With str(), it works
message = "Name: " + name + ", Age: " + str(age) + ", Height: " + str(height)
print(message)  # Output: Name: Alice, Age: 25, Height: 5.6

# bool_to_string.py
is_valid = True
is_error = False
 
print(str(is_valid))  # Output: True
print(str(is_error))  # Output: False
 
# Useful in messages
status = "Status: " + str(is_valid)
print(status)  # Output: Status: True

# none_to_string.py
value = None
value_str = str(value)
print(value_str)        # Output: None
print(type(value_str))  # Output: <class 'str'>
 
# The string "None" is different from the value None
print(value is None)      # Output: True
print(value_str is None)  # Output: False
print(value_str == "None")  # Output: True

# conversion_patterns.py
# Get user input (always strings)
name = input("Enter your name: ")
age_str = input("Enter your age: ")
height_str = input("Enter your height in feet: ")
 
# Convert to appropriate types
age = int(age_str)
height = float(height_str)
 
# Perform calculations
age_in_months = age * 12
height_in_inches = height * 12
 
# Convert back to strings for output
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
print("You are " + str(age_in_months) + " months old.")
print("Your height is " + str(height_in_inches) + " inches.")
 
# Alternative: use multiple arguments to print() (no conversion needed)
print("Hello,", name + "!")
print("You are", age_in_months, "months old.")
print("Your height is", height_in_inches, "inches.")
 
# When user enters "Alice", "25", and "5.5":
# Output: Hello, Alice!
# Output: You are 300 months old.
# Output: Your height is 66.0 inches.
# Output: Hello, Alice!
# Output: You are 300 months old.
# Output: Your height is 66.0 inches.

# conversion_mistake1.py
# Wrong: trying to do math with string
age = input("Enter your age: ")
# next_year = age + 1  # Error: TypeError
 
# Right: convert first
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
next_year = age + 1
print("Next year:", next_year)

# conversion_mistake2.py
# Unnecessary: print() handles conversion automatically
age = 25
print("Age:", age)  # This works fine
 
# No need for:
print("Age:", str(age))  # Unnecessary str() conversion

# conversion_mistake3.py
# This will crash if user enters non-numeric input
# age = int(input("Enter your age: "))  # Crashes on "twenty"
 
# We'll learn to handle this safely in Chapter 27

# conversion_mistake4.py
# Wrong expectation: int() truncates, doesn't round
x = int(3.7)
print(x)  # Output: 3 (not 4!)
 
# If you want rounding, use round()
x = round(3.7)
print(x)  # Output: 4

# str_vs_repr.py
# For numbers, they're usually the same
x = 42
print(str(x))   # Output: 42
print(repr(x))  # Output: 42
 
# For strings, they differ
text = "Hello"
print(str(text))   # Output: Hello
print(repr(text))  # Output: 'Hello' (includes quotes!)
 
# For strings with special characters, repr() shows escape sequences
message = "Hello\nWorld"
print(str(message))   # Output: Hello
                      #         World (newline is interpreted)
print(repr(message))  # Output: 'Hello\nWorld' (shows the \n literally)

# using_str.py
price = 19.99
quantity = 3
 
# Create user-friendly messages
message = "Total: $" + str(price * quantity)
print(message)  # Output: Total: $59.97
 
# str() is what print() uses automatically
print("Total: $", price * quantity)  # Output: Total: $ 59.97

# using_repr.py
# Debugging: see exactly what's in a variable
text = "Hello\nWorld"
print("Debug info:", repr(text))  # Output: Debug info: 'Hello\nWorld'
 
# Compare two similar-looking strings
str1 = "42"
str2 = "42 "  # Has trailing space
 
print(str1)       # Output: 42
print(str2)       # Output: 42  (space not obvious)
print(repr(str1)) # Output: '42'
print(repr(str2)) # Output: '42 ' (space is visible!)

# repr_recreate.py
# For numbers
x = 42
x_repr = repr(x)
print(x_repr)  # Output: 42
 
# You could use this to recreate x
x_recreated = eval(x_repr)  # eval() evaluates a string as Python code
print(x_recreated)  # Output: 42
 
# For strings
text = "Hello"
text_repr = repr(text)
print(text_repr)  # Output: 'Hello'
 
# This could recreate the string
text_recreated = eval(text_repr)
print(text_recreated)  # Output: Hello

# debugging_strings.py
# User input might have unexpected whitespace
user_input = "  Alice  "
 
print("User entered:", user_input)         # Output: User entered:   Alice  
print("Debug view:", repr(user_input))     # Output: Debug view: '  Alice  '
 
# Now the extra spaces are obvious!
cleaned = user_input.strip()  # Remove leading/trailing whitespace
print("Cleaned:", repr(cleaned))  # Output: Cleaned: 'Alice'

# comparing_types.py
# These look similar but are different
num = 42
text = "42"
 
print("Number:", num)       # Output: Number: 42
print("Text:", text)        # Output: Text: 42
 
print("Number repr:", repr(num))   # Output: Number repr: 42
print("Text repr:", repr(text))    # Output: Text repr: '42'
 
# repr() makes the difference clear
print("Are they equal?", num == text)  # Output: Are they equal? False

# str_repr_types.py
# Integers
x = 42
print("int str:", str(x))    # Output: int str: 42
print("int repr:", repr(x))  # Output: int repr: 42
 
# Floats
y = 3.14159
print("float str:", str(y))   # Output: float str: 3.14159
print("float repr:", repr(y)) # Output: float repr: 3.14159
 
# Booleans
b = True
print("bool str:", str(b))   # Output: bool str: True
print("bool repr:", repr(b)) # Output: bool repr: True
 
# None
n = None
print("None str:", str(n))   # Output: None str: None
print("None repr:", repr(n)) # Output: None repr: None
 
# Strings (where they differ most)
s = "Hello\nWorld"
print("string str:", str(s))   # Output: string str: Hello
                                #                     World
print("string repr:", repr(s)) # Output: string repr: 'Hello\nWorld'